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Science, People & Politics, issue 2, VIII, 21st April, 2012.
1. Dando, M.R. (2012), "Biological Indecision". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 9th January, 2012.
2. Final Document of the Seventh Review Conference, BWC/CONF.VII/7, Seventh Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, 13 January 2012.
Available in
English at:
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/
600/60/PDF/G1260060.pdf?OpenElement
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
Available in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, accessible from:
http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/
%28httpPages%29/F1CD974A1FDE4794C125731A0037D96D?OpenDocument
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
3. Ibid, p 20.
4. US National Research Council (N.R.C.) of the National Academies (2010), "Understanding Biosecurity: Protecting Against the Misuse of Science in Today's World", p 6. ISBN: 978-0-309-18598-1.
Registration is needed to access a free pdf.
Available at:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13080
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5. Jody Williams (1999). "The International Campaign to Ban Landmines - A Model for Disarmament Initiatives?", Nobel Peace Prize, 1997. Nobel Peace Laureate, 3 September.
Available at:
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1997/article.html
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6. http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
7. See N.G.O. Statements, Seventh Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention.
Available at:
http://www.unog.ch/_80256ee600585943.nsf/
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8. Cello, J., Paul, A. V., and Wimmer, E. (2002), "Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of an infectious virus in the absence of natural template", Science,
volume 9, pp. 1016?18.
9. Tumpey, T. M., Basler, C. F., Aguilar, P. V., Zeng, H., Sol?rzano, A.,
Swayne, D. E., Cox, N. J., Katz, J. M., Taubenberger, J. K., Palese, P. and
Garc?a-Sastre, A. (2005), "Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus", Science, volume 310, pp. 77-80.
10. Jackson, R. J., Ramsay, A. J., Christensen, C. D., Beaton, S., Hull, D. F. and Ramshaw, I. A. (2001), "Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses
cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox", Journal of Virology, volume 75, pp. 1205-10.
Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11152493
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11. Public Health, Biosecurity, and H5N1. Science Insider, Accessed 30 March.
Available at:
http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/
data/hottopics/biosecurity/index.xhtml
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12. Malakoff, D. (2012), "NSABB Reverses Position on Flu Papers", Science Insider, 30 March.
Available at:
http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/
2012/03/breaking-news-nsabb-reverses-pos.html
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13. Ibid.
14. The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty.
Available at:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf
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15. Katz, R. (2011), Essentials Of Public Health Preparedness, pp. 82-83. Jones & Bartlett. September. ISBN: 13:978-0-7637-7983-2.
16. Nature, 421:771 (20 February 2003).
17. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism (2004). Known as The Fink Report, Committee on Research Standards and Practices to Prevent the Destructive Application of Biotechnology,
National Research Council, The National Academies Press. ISBN: 0-309-52613-2 (PDF). ISBN: 0-309-08977-8 (book).
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309089778
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18. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Office of Science Policy, National Institutes of Health, Office of Biotechnology Activities, About NSABB. Available at:
http://oba.od.nih.gov/biosecurity/about_nsabb.html
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
19. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (2009), "Strategic Plan for Outreach and Education on Dual Use Research Issues".
Available at: http://oba.od.nih.gov/biosecurity/PDF/
FinalNSABBReportonOutreachandEducationDec102008.pdf
Accessed by the editor on Tuesday 17th April, 2012.
20. Ibid. p. 1.
21. Public Health Agency of Canada, Human Pathogens and Toxins Act, Department of Justice Human Pathogens and Toxins Act (S.C. 2009, c. 24). Available at: http://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-5.67/index.html
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
22. See the monographs section of the Dual-Use Bioethics website of the University of Bradford. Available at: http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics/
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
23. See Brian Rapperts Biological Weapons Website. Available at:
http://people.exeter.ac.uk/br201/Research/Bioweapons/index.htm
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
24. Landau Network-Centro Volta. Available at: http://www.centrovolta.it/landau/
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
25. These investigations focused on the following countries: Argentina, Australia, India, Israel, Finland, Germany, Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, US.
26. Malcolm R. Dando and Brian Rappert (2005), "Codes of Conduct for the Life Sciences: Some Insights from UK Academia", Bradford Briefing Paper No.16, May. Available at:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/briefing/BP_16_2ndseries.pdf (Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012).
Also see: Manchini. G. and Revill. J. (2008), "Fostering the Biosecurity Norm: Biosecurity Education for the Next Generation of Life Scientists", Landau Network-Centro Volta (LNCV), Como, Italy, and Bradford Disarmament
Research Centre, University of Bradford, November.
M. Minehata and Shinomiya. M. (2009), "Biosecurity Education: Enhancing Ethics, Securing Life and Promoting Science: Dual-Use Education in Life-Science Degree Courses at Universities in Japan", Survey Report.
Minehata. M. and D. Friedman (2009), "Biosecurity Education in Israeli Research Universities".
Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual-Use Bioethics. Revill. J. (2009), "Biosecurity and Bioethics Education: A Case Study of the UK Context".
Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on "Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual-Use Bioethics".
Minehata. M. (2010), "An Investigation of Biosecurity Education for Life Scientists in the Asia-Pacific Region". Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual-use Bioethics.
Ethical training in neuroscience curricula in UK Universities, Bradford Disarmament Research Centre, University of Bradford, UK, September 2011. Available at: http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics/monographs
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
27. Report of the Meeting of States Parties, 2008, Geneva, 1-5 December 2008, 12 December 2008, p. 7. On page 7 it is noted that "States Parties agreed on the value of education and awareness programmes:
(i) Explaining the risks associated with the potential misuse of the biological sciences and biotechnology;
(ii) Covering the moral and ethical obligations incumbent on those using the biological sciences;
(iii) Providing guidance on the types of activities which could be contrary to the aims of the Convention and relevant national laws and regulations and international law;
(iv) Being supported by accessible teaching materials, train-the-trainer programmes, seminars, workshops, publications, and audio-visual materials;
(v) Addressing leading scientists and those with responsibility for oversight of research or for evaluation of projects or publications at a senior level, as well as future generations of scientists, with the aim of
building a culture of responsibility;
(vi) Being integrated into existing efforts at the international, regional and national levels."
Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=BWC/MSP/2008/5
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
28. See: http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
29. See: http://opcw.org
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
30. See: http://www.ndmc.ac.jp/
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
31. Available at: http://www.brad.ac.uk/bioethics/EducationalModuleResource/
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
32. Andrzej Górski and Raymond E. Spier, "The Advancement of Science and the Dilemma of Dual Use, Science and Engineering Ethics", volume 16, Number 1, March 2010.
33. Selgelid, M. J. (2010), "Ethics Engagement of the Dual-Use Dilemma: Progress and Potential", in Rappert, B (Ed), Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of
Biological Weapons. Practical Ethics and Public Policy. Monograoh No. 1. ANU EPress. Available at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/education_ethics.html.
Accessed by the editor on Monday 16th April, 2012.
34. Selgelid, M. J. (2010), "Ethics Engagement of the Dual-Use Dilemma: Progress and Potential", In Rappert, B. (Ed), Education and Ethics in the Life Sciences: Strengthening the Prohibition of Biological Weapons.
ANU EPress.
35. These concepts are borrowed from Chuck Huff and William Frey (2005), "Moral Pedagogy and Practical Ethics", Science and Engineering Ethics, 11, pp. 389-408.
36. Adam Briggle, Double Effect and Dual Use (2005). Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, Carl Mitcham (ed.), 4 vols. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference, volume 1,
pp. 543-545.
37. Hans-Jörg Ehni, "Dual use and the ethical responsibility of scientists", Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, Volume 56 (2008), Number 3, pp. 147-152.
38. Kulau F., Höglund A.T., Evers K., Eriksson S., "A precautionary principle for dual use research in the life sciences, Bioethics, 2011:25:1-8. Kuhlau F., Eriksson S., Evers K., Höglund A.T.,
"Taking Due Care: Moral obligations in dual use research", Bioethics, 2008:22(9):477-487.
39. Seumas Miller, Michael J. Selgelid, (2008), Ethical and Philosophical Consideration of the Dual-Use Dilemma in the Biological Sciences, Dordrecht, NE: Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4020-8311-2.
40. Campbell, C., Donnelly, S., Jennings B., and Nolan K. (1990), New Choices, New Responsibilities: Ethical Issues in the Life Sciences. Briarcliff Manor: Hastings Center.
41. C.E.N. (European Committee for Standardization, Comité Européen de Normalisation), Workshop 53. Biosafety Professional Competence (B.S.P). Available at:
http://www.cen.eu/CEN/sectors/technicalcommitteesworkshops/workshops/Pages/ws53-bsp.aspx
Accessed by the editor on Wednesday 11th April, 2012.
42. Rappert B., McLeish, C. (Eds) (2007), A Web of Prevention: Biological Weapons, Life Sciences and the Governance of Research. Routledge. ISBN: 978-1-84407-373-3.
Editor: Helen Gavaghan. +44 1422 886015. 165 Longfellow Court, Mytholmroyd, Hebden Bridge, HX7 5LG.
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